

             MSX-DOS

                ঠ

                                                                .

 ......................................................   2
1. 㪮⢮  ᯫ樨 ................................   3
   1.1.  ४ 뫮 .........................   3
   1.2.  .........................................   4
   1.3. ᥬ  । 痢 ...........................   5
   1.4. ᯮ ணࠬ 짮⥫ ......................   6
   1.5. ஥ ᯥ樠஢  ...................   8

2. ᮡ  몠   ⥬ MSX-DOS ..........   8
   2.1. ᨢ 㭪樨 ...................................   8
   2.2. 㭪樨  ६ ࠬ஢ ......................   9
   2.3. 䬥᪨ 樨  ࠭ ⮢  .  12
   2.4. । ॣ஢ ...............................  14
   2.5. ணࠬ  -뢮 
        ७祭 ன -뢮 .................  15
   2.6. 㣨 ᮡ ....................................  15
   2.7. 樨  ணࠬ஢ ......................  16

3. ⠭  㭪樨 ...........................  16
   3.1. 㭪樨 饣 祭 .............................  17
   3.2. 㭪樨 ࠢ  ............................  20
   3.3. 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ ᨬ  ப ....................  21
   3.4. 㭪樨 -뢮 ..................................  23
        3.4.1. 㭪樨 ஢ -뢮 ...........  24
        3.4.2. 㭪樨 ᮪஢ -뢮 ..........  25

ਫ
    . ࠢ 䬥᪨ ८ࠧ ..................  28
    . ᥬ  । 痢 ............................  29
    . ࠪ⨪  ..............................  33
    D. ⫨ 몠   ⠭⭮ ᨨ,
        ਭ⮩  ⥬ UNIX V7 ............................  34
    E. १ࢨ஢ ᫮ 몠 ..........................  39
    F. ⨫ ஢ન ࠬ஢ 㭪権 FPC ................  39
    G. ਭ樯 ࠧ쭮 樨 ..........................  41
    H.    ⥪ ..........................  43
    I. ࠡ⪠ ணࠬ, ࠭   ....................  53
    J.   짮⥫ ............................  59


           ࠧ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.






                


     MSX-C  室 ஬ 몠  , ८ࠧ騬  -
室 ⥪  ணࠬ  ᥬ.  ࠧ饭   䠩 
७ﬨ "." :    䠩, 騩  "CF", ᮤন -
 ४ 뫮,  ன   "CG" - .  e-
 ४ 뫮 믮  ࠬ ࢮ 室 , 
१ ண ⠭ 䠩  室 ⥪⮬ ணࠬ  ८-
  䠩  ⥪⮬  ஬筮 몥,      뢠
-.  䠩 ࠭  ᪥.  ஬  ४  뫮
ந ⠪ ⨪ 訡  뤠 ।- ० ᮮ饭.
祭 䠩  - ८ࠧ-     ண -
  - CG -  室 ணࠬ  ᥬ.
       楫 ࠧࠡ⪨  MSX-C 뫮 ᮧ-  㬥-
⠫쭮 ।⢠, ஥    ᠬ 樮 ⥬, 
ணࠬ ᯥ祭  .  ⨦ ⮩ 楫    
 ࠧ ⥫ ।⢠., ࠧࠡ⠭ ।⢠ ⮬-
- ᪮ ।  ॣ஢.    ⨬  ।⢠,  
 ७    -, 㤠-   ⢥  -
 䥪⨢ ꥪ⭮ .   १    ய⨩  ⠫
   ᮪- ஢ 몥,   ,  -
⥬, ࠡ- 騥  ᫮ ⪨ ࠭祭        ॠ쭮
⠡ ६.  ⮬   ࠭ -   ண-
ࠬ஢  ᥬ.
      MSX-C -   ४ 뫮 CF, ⠪  -
 CG, - ᠬ ᠭ  몥    ᪮-  ஢      
MSX-C.    祬 筮 -  ⢥ত  ᪠  
 䥪⨢     楫.
       ন  㭪樨  ॠ樨  -   -뢮   
ணࠬ  -뢮,- ᥣ ⮣,  ਭ  ⠭⭮
樮 । UNIX.  ।  MSX-C  ࠧࠡ뢠  -
 ࠧࠧ 㬥⠫ ।⢠  ᮧ 㤮 ⥬ 
ࠧࠡ⪨ ਪ ணࠬ ᯥ祭. -,  ।-
,    ⠪ ⥬  㤠  १    䥪⨢
 ࠧࠡ⪨ ணࠬ.
     ᠭ  ⮨  ᫥ ᭮ ࠧ.
      ࠧ 1  ᠭ ᯮ짮  MSX-DOS,    ⠪
ᮢ ᥬ஢  ।஢ 䠩.    ⮬  ࠧ  ⠪
஡ ᬮ७ 㭪樨 ⠭⭮  ().
      ஬ ࠧ 㦤 ᮡ  몠    -
⥬ MSX-DOS.   ⠪ ४樨   ணࠬ஢    몥
. ⮬ 騬  ணࠬ      ࠧ 
 ।.
      ࠧ 3 ᠭ ⠭  㭪樨.    ਢ-
 ਠ  㭪 -뢮.
      ਫ ᮡ࠭ ࠧ ਠ,   ᢥ  ,
 襤訥  ࠧ 1 - 3: ᥬ஢-   ᡮન ணࠬ    -
; ⫨稩  몠 , - ⮣  ⥬ UNIX V7; ᯮᮡ ਬ
⨫ FPC  ஫ ணࠬ; ⮤ ࠧ쭮 樨;  ᮧ
 ঠ ⥪; ਭ樯  ਬ஢ ࠧࠡ⪨ ண- ࠬ, ࠭-
    㣨 .
     ᭮ 楫  㪮⢠ -  짮⥫ ।⠢ 
ᨭ⠪  ᥬ⨪ 몠 , ਬ  ⮣ 몠   ࠬ-
 樮 ⥬ MSX-DOS   ᮡ ⮣  -
.   室  । 筮  ⠭      
 ⫨稩  ⮣ ⠭.     ஡  
ᮤঠ ஭ ஡ ४ ᫥ .




                1. 㪮⢮  ᯫ樨



     । ⥬,  ஡  㪮⢮  ᯫ樨,  楫-
ࠧ ᪠ ᪮쪮 ᫮  䠩 ⭮ ०.
      ⥬ ⠭ 䠩 ⭮ ० C.BAT,   㦨  
樨 ணࠬ, ᠭ  ,  ⠪      ᥬ஢  
.
      ⮣, ⮡   ⠪ 䠩, 㦭 :

        A>C  䠩

      MSX-C ⮨      䠩,    ७  
".":

        CF.COM           ४ 뫮
        CG.COM          

      ᮧ  室 ⥪ ꥪ   ᥬ.



              1.1.  ४ 뫮


        ᯥ稢  室.    ந
 室 ⥪   ஫  ࠢ쭮 ᨭ⠪   ᥬ-
. ⮬ ࢮ 室  䠩   ⥪⮬    ஬筮
몥. ஬ ⮣,  १ ࠡ⪨ 室 ⥪  뤠  -
⨪. ஬   뢠  -.  ⠭  ७
 䠩, ᮤঠ -,  ".".    -  
뫮 뤠 ⮫쪮 ᮮ饭  訡.  ⨭  室  ணࠬ  
㣨 ᮮ饭   ࠧ  뢮.  祭 ⨭   室-
 ⥪⮬ ணࠬ ᫥ ਬ  樮 ⥬ TYPE.
      ᪠  뫮 뢢  ᫥- 饬 ଠ:

        CF []   䠩

      䠩   ᠭ  ७. 筮  ⥬  -
 ⨯ 䠩 ".C". 室    ४  뫮  
䠩  -, ਭ騩 ⮬  ࠩ.  ⠪ 䠩 ਮ
⠭⭮ ७ ".".
      樨  ࢠ ६ ⨥  CTRL 
C.


      1.1.1. 樨  ४ 뫮


-c       ⫨稥  ⠭⭮ 몠   MSX-C
        ந  ਥ.  㪠
         樨 ਨ ᯮ ⠪ ,  
        ⠭⭮ , ..   ந室.

-e[X]     ⠭ ० 뤠  ᮫
        䠩 ⨪ 訡.  䠩 ਮ⠥ -
        ७ ".DIA"  ਭ ࠩ,  㪠-
         䠢 ᨬ "". ᫨  ᨬ 饭,
        䠩 ᪨ ᮮ饭 㤥 뢥 ⥬ 
        ࠩ஬.

-f      襭    㭪権  -
        ஢. ᠭ ᯮᮡ   権
        ᮤন  ਫ .

-t      ⠭ ⮬᪮ ८ࠧ ଠ⮢
        㪠⥫  楫. ᫨  ०  㪠, -
         㤥 뤠 ᮮ饭   訡,  
         ଠ  ᬥ蠭 ࠦ.

-oX     ⠭ ࠩ ""  䠩  -.

-rP:S:H ⠭ ⭮襭 ࠧ஢ ⮢ ࠡ祩
        ⠡:  -  㫠, S -  ⠡ ᨬ,  -
        -  ६蠭 ⠡. ᫨   饭,
        㤥 ⠭ 13:6:4.  砥 ९ ⠡-
         㦭 ᯮ짮    祭 ⠡-
         襣 ࠧ  ४஢ ணࠬ.

-s        ਭ㤨⥫쭮 த ⭮ -
        ࠡ⪨   砥 㦥 訡  室
        ணࠬ.   ⠪ ०  
         横 ⭮ ࠡ⪨ ண  -
        ⥫쭮 ᫠ 室 䠩  । -
           訡.


        1.1.2. ਬ


       CF -oc -e B:PROG

      ⮬ ਬ  䠩, ᮧ ࠩ஬ ,  १-
 ⥪ - 㤥 饭  䠩 PROG.TCO   ࠩ .  -
饭  訡  뢥  䠩 PROG.DIA   ࠩ B.

       CF  -r15:6:4fec PROG

       䠩 PROG.C   ᮧ  ⥪    ஬筮
몥,  頥  䠩 PROG.TCO. ७ ⠡  ⠭-
  ⭮⥫묨 ࠧࠬ 15:6:4. । 㭪樨   ࠬ
 ஫.  ᪨ ᮮ饭 PROG.DIA 뢮   -
 ࠩ C.


        1.2. 


      믮 ன 室 .   ⠥  䠩  
-,   ᮧ ஬ -    뫮,    뤠
䠩, 室  ᥬ.
     ଠ  맮  CG ᫥騩:

        CG  ()   䠩

      䠩  ࠬ  㪠뢠  ७. 室 䠩
 ७  ".".  室 䠩 ⮬᪨ ਮ-
 ७ ".ASM". 믮 ணࠬ      ࢠ
६ ⨥  CTRL  C.


     1.2.1. 樨 


-k      ⮬᪮ 㭨⮦ 室 䠩 (.)   
        襭 ࠡ .

-oX      䠩  ꥪ    ࠩ
        "". ᫨  饭, 䠩 ᮧ ⥬  ࠩ-
        ஬,   室.

-rN     ࢨ஢   ⠡ ᨬ ࠧ஬
        N ⮢ (N - 筮).

-u      ਮ⠭ ⮡ࠦ  뢮  㭪樨, -
        ࠡ뢠   ,  ⠪ : 窨,
          窨  ⮩ .

-l       뢮    ⮪ 
        ⮢ ஬ 室 ⥪  ᥬ-
        . 筮    㪠뢠,  ⮣ -
         ⮫쪮  6 ᨬ  ⮪.


        1.2.2. ਬ


       CG  -r2000   PROG

       ⮬  ਬ  ⠭  ࠩ஬  ⠥  䠩    -
PROG.TCO  ⥬ ࠩ஬ 뢮 १騩 䠩  PROG.ASM,  室
 ᥬ. ஬ ⮣, १ࢨ ⠡ ᨬ  2000 -
⮢.

       CG   -oau    B:PROG

      ᫥ ਬ 䠩 PROG.TCO  ࠩ஬  B,    ꥪ
䠩 ᮧ ࠩ஬ . "u"   ⮣,  ⮡    ஢
 ९.



        1.3. ᥬ  । 痢


      MSX-C  室 ⥪  ଠ ⥫-ᥬ.
 ᥬ ⥪  ࠭᫨  ६頥  ᥬ஬  MSX-M80
ࠧࠡ⪨  "- ". ⥬ 祭 ६頥   ࠡ-
뢠 - ஬ 痢 MSX-L80,   १  祣  ⥪  ணࠬ
८ࠧ  ଠ 䠩 .COM, ᯮ塞  ࠬ - ⥬  MSX-DOS.
 ⠯ ।஢ 痢 㦭 4 䠩  ७ ".REL",    ⮬
᫥:

          CK.REL   - 䠩  ஬   MSX-C,
          CLIB.REL - ⠭⭠ ⥪  MSX-C,
          CRUN.REL - 楤, ᯥ稢騥 ० ᯮ,
          CEND.REL - 䠩 襭.

     ⠭⭠ ᫥⥫쭮 権 ஢,  ᥬ஢-
 室 ⥪   ᯮ塞  룫廊 ᫥騬  -
ࠧ. ணࠬ-⨫ ஫ ࠬ஢ 㭪権 - ணࠬ FPC - -
ᠭ  ਫ F.

CF       ணࠬ
FPC LIB  ணࠬ
CG K     ணࠬ
M80    = ணࠬ.ASM
DEL      ணࠬ.ASM
L80  CK, ணࠬ,CLIB/S,CEND, ணࠬ/N/E:XMAIN

     ࠡ⪠ ⮩ ᫥⥫쭮  ᯥ祭 䠩 C.BAT,  -
 믮  ⭮ ०.



        1.4. ᯮ ணࠬ 짮⥫


     砥  १ ᠭ 楤  䠩  ".COM"  ᯮ
筮 ⠪ ,    䠩 ᠬ -  .  ।  ࠢ
ணࠬ, 祭   䠩 ⢫   䠩   -
.  ⮬ 砥  ਬ ⠪ 堭  ७祭  -
-뢮  ணࠬ  -뢮.
     筮 ⠭ ன⢮ -뢮 砥 ᮫. -
 ᫨   ப   

<infile
>outfile

      㪠 䠩.   뢠 - 祭-
 -뢮.  ਢ   ਬ  䠩  infile  砥  
⠭⭮  (stdin),  䠩   outfile  砥    ⠭-
⭮ 뢮 (stdout).  饯ਭ 䠩  㪠뢠  ⠪
CON, PRN  㣨 ன⢠ -뢮  ⢥ infile  outfile.
      ਬ ணࠬ  -뢮,  㪠뢠-
   ⨪쭮  ⠪,    ᫥饬 ਬ:

        prog1 | prog2

      ⮬ ਬ ⠭ 室 ணࠬ prog1 ।    ⠭-
 室 ணࠬ prog2. ࢠ 뢠 ६  䠩    
⥪饣 ࠩ. ⥬,  prog1 稢, ᪠  ணࠬ
prog2,  㪠 ६ 䠩 ⠭  ⠭ 室.   ⮬
砥   ᫥ ⨪쭮   ⠢ ஡.   ⮬
砥, ᫨ ।⢥ ᫥ ⨪쭮  ⮨ 㪢,  ६-
 䠩 ᮧ  ⥪騬 ࠩ஬,  ⥬,   ஢  ⮩
㪢.
       㪠⥫ "." ( ,  㣨  ⥬ MSX 
   "\" -   ???)   믮  ᫥⥫-
 権.  ⮬ 砥,  ⫨稥    ணࠬ    -
-뢮, ⠭ -뢮    祭. ਬ, -


        ls a: . ls b: . ls c:

     믮 ⮡ࠦ ४਩   ࠩ஢ A, B  C.
     ࠬ  ⤥   㣮  ஡.    ⠪
 ஡ ⥬ 祭 ࠬ஢   " ".    "."  ,
ᯮ㥬   ४祭 ⠡ ஢ ᨬ    ⠪
,  ᫥騥    ᨬ.    ਬ
ᯥ樠쭮 ਬ ᨬ ".".

        .n      a  㯮 n ᨬ
        ."       窠
        ..       
        .|      ⨪쭠 窠
        .<       ???
        .>

     ਢ  ᨬ ᫥ ᯮ짮     ४祭
⠡ ⠡ ஢ ᨬ  ⢥ ᯥ樠.
       ⮣,⮡  ࠧ᭨  ࠡ      ᮫   
COMMAND.COM ⥬ MSX-DOS, ᫥ ,  ᯮ짮  
ப  ⮩ ⥬   UNIX ᪮쪮 ࠧ筮.  ।    -
室 ⠢ ஡   ᫥ 㪠⥫ ணࠬ ,   
⥬ MSX-DOS 易⥫쭮 㦭 뤥 ஡    ணࠬ
  ⠢ ஡ । 㪠⥫ - ࠢ -뢮.
     ࠬ, ᮤঠ騩  ᯨ᪥ 㬥⮢  㫥    ᬥ-
, ⠭  ,  ᪠   ணࠬ,  ⮣
  ⥬ MSX-DOS   ⠭  ⮩  ப  "".    ந室
᫥⢨ ⮣,   COMMAND ⥬ MSX-DOS ᪫砥  
.

      ਬ.

ECHO    "HELLO,WORLD .N"  >HELLO

      ⮬ ਬ 맢 짮⥫᪠  ணࠬ  EHO.    ⢥
⠭⭮ 뢮 ன⢠ 砥 䠩  HELLO,      ⢥
⠭⭮  ᯮ ᮫.  ࢮ ࠬ argv(0) ।-
  ப,   ஬ - ப "HELLO, WORLD .N".   
  ,  ࠬ >HELLO  । ணࠬ ECHO.

FOO     <IN >OUT.BAR

      ᫥ ਬ 뢠 짮⥫᪠ ணࠬ FOO.    -
⢥ ⠭⭮  祭 IN,   ⢥ ⠭⭮  뢮  -
OUT.  ࢮ ࠬ ணࠬ -   ப.   FOO  -
, ⮬᪨  ணࠬ BAR,  ன  㤥  ।
 ப  ⢥ ࢮ ࠬ.

FOO     .<IN ">OUT".|BAR

       ᪠ 짮⥫᪠ ணࠬ FOO.    ⫨稥
 ।饣 ਬ   ணࠬ । ᫥騥  ࠬ-
஢:
        argv(0)          ப
        argv(1)         <IN
        argv(2)         <OUT
        argv(3)         |
        argv(4)         BAR

     ⠭ -뢮 祭  ᮫.   
 ,   ᯥ䨪樨    (escape)   
直 ᯮᮡ:    .<IN,   ">OUT".
      ᠭ,  ࠡ⠥   砥 ᪠ ணࠬ-  짮-
⥫.
     1.  ᠬ 砫 ⠭⭮   MSX-C    -
 ப  ⠭ argv  argc.
     2.  뢠  䠩,  ⮬ ᫥: stdin - -  ⠭⭮-
 , stdout -  ⠭⭮ 뢮  stderr -  ⠭⭮ -
⨪. 筮   䠩   ᮫ (⠭⭮  ன-
 CON ⥬ MSX-DOS).   ⨬  祭  䠩  stdin  
stdout  㣨 ன⢠  ணࠬ  堭 -  -
祭 -뢮  ணࠬ  -뢮- .
     3. ࠢ । 짮⥫᪮ 㪭樨 main.
     4.  ⮫쪮 蠥 짮⥫᪠  ணࠬ  (  ﭨ
襭  㭪樨 main,  㭪樨 exit), ࠢ   -
頥  .     䠩,  뫨 祭  짮-
⥫᪮ ணࠬ, ⮬᪨ 뢠.  ,  ᫨  뫨  㪠
ணࠬ  -뢮  ᯮ塞 ᫥⥫쭮,  -
ࠢ । ᫥饩 ணࠬ  㪠.


        1.5. ஥ ᯥ樠஢ 


      樨 ⮣,  ᮧ ᯥ樠஢  -
 몠   ⥬ MSX-DOS, ᠭ ᫥  室  ணࠬ  ⠭-
⭮ .  ⮬ ᠭ  ᫥⥫쭮 蠣 樨
. 室 ணࠬ    饭   ᫥ 䠩:
        CM.ASM  ࠣ, ⭮騩 ⮫쪮  ᥬ,
        CK.C    ࠣ, ⭮騩 ⮫쪮   .
      ॠ ᫥饣 ⬠ ᮧ .

        CF  CK
        CG  -K CK
        COPY CM.ASM+CK.ASM CK.ASM
        M80 =CK.ASM
        DEL CK.ASM

     ᫥ ⮣,    ᫥⥫쭮  ᠭ  -
 䨪஢   䠩 GENCK.BAT  ࠡ⪨   ⭮ -
.


                2. ᮡ  몠 
                 ⥬ MSX


      ࠧࠡ⪨ - 뫮 ᮧ த,    -
ண  뫮 ,  ᥬ २⢠ 몠 ᮪ ஢,
ࠧࠡ뢠  ணࠬ,  㤮⢮騥  ⪨  ॡ  ॠ쭮
⠡ ६  ࠭祭  .    ᠭ ᮡ-
 -   몠    窨 ७. ஬ ⮣,   
 ४樨  ணࠬ஢  -.



             2.1. ᨢ 㭪樨


      㭪樨 ⠭⭮ 몠    ४ᨢ.    ।  
SX-C   ⠪ ४ᨢ 㭪樨.  ࠧ祭 㭪権 
 ⨯    १ࢨ஢   ⢥  祢  ᫥騥
᫮ 몠: "recursive" - ४ᨢ  "nonrec" - ४ᨢ.  -
祢 ᫮ 뢠   㭪樨 ।       㦠
⥫ﬨ ०  믮,    ᫥饬 ਬ.

        nonres main ()
        {
           printf ("hello, world .n");
        }
        recursive int
        factorial (n)
        int n;
        {
           return (n>1)? n*factorial (n-1):1;
        }
        int max (a,b)
        int a,b
        {
           return (a>b)? a:b;
        }

      ਢ  ਬ    ।:  ४ᨢ  㭪樨
main  ४ᨢ 㭪樨 factorial.  砥 max ⥫ ०  믮-
 㭪樨     , ⮬  㤥 믮 ⠪, 
  㬮砭. 筮  㬮砭  ० 믮  㭪権
 ४ᨢ,     㬮砭      ᫥
। ९:

        #pragma nonrec
        #pragma recursive

      ।  㬮砭  ० 믮 㭪樨 
४ᨢ. ஥ । ।뢠  ᬠਢ    㭪樨
 ४ᨢ, ᫨   ७ ⨢.    砥,  
 । #pragma, 㭪 max 㤥 믮 ᮣ᭮  -
 ⥫ ० "४ᨢ-४ᨢ".  ⠫쭮  ᠭ
㪠⥫ ० 믮 㭪権 몠    ਫ  D.  -
   㪠 nonrec  MSX-C, ᫨  㦭,⮡
 ਭ 㭪樨  ४ᨢ.  ⠪ 㪠  -
࠭஢ ᣥ ꥪ ,  ⪨   , 祬
 㣨 ,   ᮣ-  ⠡  ॠ쭮  ६
ᮢ.   ਪ ணࠬ    㭪権  ४-
ᨢ, ⮬  砫 室 ⥪ ᫥  । ९-

       #pragma nonrec.



        2.2. 㭪樨 ६ ࠬ஢


      MSX-C ࠡ뢠 㭪樨  ⨯:  ६묨  -
ࠬ   䨪஢묨.  㭪 ࢮ ⨯ ᫮    ।⠢
ࠬ஢  , ⮣   㭪 ண ⨯  䨪-
. ਬ, 㭪樨 printf, scanf   㣨  㭪ﬨ  -
६묨 ࠬࠬ.   MSX-C 㭪樨 㪠  ⨯ ࠧ-
   ᯥ樠 ⥫.
      । 몠 ᫥騬 ࠧ     
  ࠪ ⥫.
       ⥫:
        䨪
           (⥫)
           *⥫
           ⥫()
           ⥫(.)
           ⥫ [⠭⭮ ࠦ]
                opt.
      ࠪ ⥫:
        
           ࠪ ⥫
           *ࠪ ⥫
           ࠪ ⥫()
           ࠪ ⥫ (.)
           ࠪ ⥫ [⠭⭮ ࠦ]
                opt.
     樨 "⥫ (.)"    "ࠪ  ⥫  (.)"  
  祭 㭪権  ६묨 ࠬࠬ.    ⨢-
   ࠭ ਭ  몥 樨 "⥫  ()"  
"ࠪ ⥫ ()"  㭪樨  䨪஢묨 ࠬࠬ.
 ࠬ  MSX-C ਭ,   ࠧ 㭪樨   -  -
묨 ࠬࠬ  ᯮ,  㯮ॡ 㭪樨   ﭭ묨
ࠬࠬ.     ,    ⠭⭮  몥  
 㭪樨 ᬠਢ  㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ.  
設⢥ ॠ 砥 ᯮ 㭪樨    ﭭ묨  ࠬ-
ࠬ, ⮬ 㪠 ⫨稥 몠   ⥬ msx  ⠭⭮ -
  ᪠뢠.
      ⮤ ᠭ 㭪権  ६묨 ࠬࠬ ᯮ 
। ⨯ cast, sizeof. ਬ,  ᫥ ᠭ  ।
㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ func  fp:

        int func(.), (*fp)(.);

     室 直 ࠧ । ਬ 㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬ-
ࠬ 뢠   ࠧ.  ⥪ ⠭ 㭪権 -
 ᫥騥 㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ:

        fopen, printf, fprintf, sprintf, scanf,
        fscanf, sscanf, execl.

     ᠭ ᫥ 㭪権 ᮤঠ  䠩  ⠭  -
 STD1O.H. 맮 㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬ- ࠬ ᮢ襭 祭
맮 㭪樨  䨪஢묨 ࠬࠬ. ⮬  짮⥫,  -
 ᠬ   ணࠬ-㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ,  ⠢
㤭⥩ ਬ 㭪権  ⠭⭮ ⥪.
      ன   㭪 㤥  ᠭ ⮤ ࠧࠡ⪨
㭪権  ६묨 ࠬࠬ.  㭪樨    쭮  
窨 ७ ࠡ祩 設 ( ࠧ  ⮤ 㯠    ࠬ-
ࠬ). ⢨ ७ᨬ   ⮫쪮  ᠬ 㭪樨  -
묨 ࠬࠬ.  㭪,  뢠,  ७ᨬ.
     । 㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ    ᠭ  
ᠬ 砫 ।  ⥫.  ਢ  ⨯筮  ।  㭪樨
func, 饩 㭪樥  ६묨 ࠬࠬ.

        int func (.); /*  । 易⥫쭮 
                          砫 */
        int func (nargs, args)
        int nargs, args;
        {
             ......
        }

      襯ਢ ਬ । ᭮ । 㭪 뫠 -
।  㭪  ६묨 ࠬ- ࠬ. , ᫥  ⥬  -
ᠭ ।

        int func (.);

     ⮣  ꥪ  㭪樨      䨪஢묨  ࠬ-  ࠬ
nargs, args ⨯ "楫".  ࠡ⠥   ⨬ ᫥  -
.
       맮 㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ   䠪᪮
ࠬ ⠢   - ⢫ 맮  祭.  -
祭 ࠬ nargs  ⢮ 䠪᪨ ࠬ஢ -  䨪-
஢ 稭.    ⠭, ᪮쪮 䠪᪨ -
஢ ॠ쭮 ।  㭪  ६묨  ࠬࠬ    ஭
뢠饩 㭪樨.    ࠭祭  ⥬,      
⮫쪮 ᫮ । ࠬ஢.  ⮬ ⠭  ⨯    
 ࠬ஢ .
      ⮣, ⮡ ࣠   㪠 ࠬࠬ, 㦭 -
   ।  맮 㭪樨 ࠬ஢.    -
஢ (᫨  ) ᯮ   ᨢ args. 㣨  ᫮-
, 祭 ࢮ  ࠬ஢ args ᢠ 䨪  args.
ன  ࠬ஢ 頥  , ᤢ⮬   ஭   -
ᮢ .   ⠢ ᫥-  ⥫쭮  ᮢ:  
ண ࠬ =  args + 2;  쥣 ࠬ =  args +
4.  ᫥饩 ⠡ ਢ ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠬ஢   ᮢ.




                                
______________________________________________________________

         ࠬ         
______________________________________________________________

             1              砫 ᨢ args
             2              砫 + 2
             3              砫 + 4
            ...
             n              砫 + (n-1)*2
______________________________________________________________

     ᭮ ᮮ⢥⢨ ᮢ  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠬ஢,  ਢ-
  ⠡,  ࣠   ⨬  ࠬࠬ.  ਬ,
 ⮣, ⮡ ᫠    ன ࠬ  ⨯  "ᨬ",
室   ணࠬ:
        (char)args      - 뫪   ࠬ ⨯
                               "ᨬ"
        (char)+(&args+1)- 뫪  ன ࠬ ⨯
                               "ᨬ"
     ᫨  ਢ  ਬ args  楫,   -
ᠭ 祭 &args ८ࠧ  ⨯ 楫.  ᫤饣   浪
㬥 ନ ᮣ᭮ 㫥 &args+1,    ன  ⠭  "1"
८ࠧ  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⠡ ࠧ來 ⪨ ⭮ 設:
 ࠢ,    (,  ।  稭   
ࠦ sizeof(int*)).  ⭮ 砥    砫  ᨢ
ࠬ஢  .  ࠧ  ࣠    -
ࠬ 㣨 ⨯.
      祭  ࠣ ਢ  ਬ  㭪権 
६묨 ࠬࠬ: 㭪 sum 頥 祭 㬬  ६
᫠ 楫 ࠬ஢. 㭪 cmax 頥  ᨬ쭮  祭  
鸞 楫 ࠬ஢  TINY (char), ᫮  - ६.

        #pragma nonrec
        typedef char   TINY;

        int sum(.);
        TINY cmax(.);
        int sum(nargs, args)
        int nargs, args
          {
              int i, *p;
              for (i=O, p=&args; nargs --;)
                      i += *p++;
              return i;
        }
        TINY cmax (nargs, args)
        int nargs;
        TINY args;
          '{
              int *p, max;
              for (max = O, p= (int*)&args; nargs--; p++)
                   if (max < (TINY)*p)
                         max = (TINY)*p;
              return max;
        }

      ⢥ 㣨 ਬ஢ 㭪樨    ६묨  ࠬࠬ  
ਢ 㭪樨  ⠭⭮ ⥪: printf, scanf, fopen  㣨.



        2.3. ८ࠧ ⮢ 䬥⨪


      襭 䥪⨢ ꥪ⭮     몠    
⥬ MSX 믮 ८ࠧ ⮢  䬥⨪.    ⮩
ᮡ  ८ࠧ ६,  ⨯ "ᨬ", 믮-
   ᫮,   祭ﬨ ⮩   ,  ..  쬨⮢묨.
⮬   쬨⮢ ଠ⮬   믮    樨
⥫쭮 ॥,  㣨. ⮢ 䬥⨪ ᮡ 䥪⨢
 ᠭ ᯥ樠 ணࠬ,  ⮢ ८ࠧ.
      ᪨ 権  権 ⭮襭 (&&, ||, !, =, !=,
>, >=, <=)  ⨯ "ᨬ".
     ࠤ樮  ⮢ ६,   譨 
ᨬ, ᯥ   । ⨯ typedef   TINY 
BOOL.  । 䬥᪨  ꥪ,    ன  -  ᪨.
। 㪠 ⨯ 祭  䠩 ⠭  STD1O.H.

       ᪮쪮 ਬ஢ 㯮ॡ ⮢ 権,   -
 ᫥  .

     1. ९  祧.
      믮 ⮢ 䬥᪨ 権  砨  -
  祧. ਬ,   믮 ஢

        int i;
        TINY x,y;

        x=10; y=30;
        i=x*y;

      ࠢ쭮 祭 300  ६  i  砥  ࠢ쭮
祭 44.  ந室 ᫥⢨ ⮣,    믮  -
  ࠢ ⮢ 䬥⨪  訩    १.
 ⮣, ⮡  ࠢ १ (᫮ 300), 㦭  ࠨ-
  楫묨 ࠭,  祣 ᫥  ᯥ஢      
㭪樨 cast ,    ᫥饬 ਬ:

        i = (int)x * (int)y;

           ᫥饩 樨:

        i = x*<<8|y;

      믮 樨 ᤢ  ࠭ ⮢   
ﭠ   ᫥⢨ ९.     ⠪  㦭  
. 稭 "y" 室 ⠢  ࠦ  i  ⮬  -
 .  ⮬ 砥 ⠪ ,    ᠬ  ࢮ    ᬮ७  
 ࠧ,  । , ᯮ  ⨯  ࠭,  
 :

        i = (unsigned)x<<8|y;

     2.  ⨯ TINY (char)   ᫠. ६ ⨯ "ᨬ-
" ᯮ  . ⮬   樨,    
१ 樨 ⠭ ⠭ ⥫. ⮬ ᫨  믮-
 ᫥ ணࠬ,  ६ i 㤥 ᠭ 225:

        int i;
        TINY X,y;

        x=2;
        y=3;
        i=x-y;

      ⮣, ⮡  ࠢ  १,  㦭  믮  
  ᮮ⢥⢨  ⨯ "楫":

        i=int(x) - int(y);

      3. ᮢ ࠬ஢.
     ஬  몠   ⥬ MSX ஢ ⪮ ࠧ稥 
⨯ "int"  "TINY(char)". ⮬  䠪᪨    ଠ  ࠬ
  易⥫쭮 ᮣᮢ  ᮡ  ⨯.  騩  ਬ
 ࠢ 맮 㭪樨.

        func(x)
        TINY x;
        {
        .....
          }
        main()
        {
           func(1); /* ࠢ 맮 㭪樨 */
          }

     㦭  맮 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

        func ((TINY)1);

     ᮢ ࠬ஢  ⨯  ஢  ஬.  ⮬
४ 짮 ⨫⮩ FPC, 祭 ன - ஫  -
ࠬ஢ 뢠 㭪樨. ࠢ 짮 ⮩  ⨫⮩  ᠭ  
ਫ F.


    2.4. । ॣ஢


     ᪮  MSX-C ন । ॣ஢  -
६,  ᯮᮡ ஢  䥪⨢ ꥪ .  ⠭-
⭮ 몥    ।ᬮ७  ࠧ饭  ।⢥    ॣ
(  "register") ⮫쪮 ᪮쪨  ६   ᥣ  
⢠.(  ⢮ ॣ஢ ६ 㤥 饭  
ॣ,   ⮣,  ࠡ 設  㤥  ᯮ짮).  
⫨稥  ⠭⭮  MSX-C ⮬᪨ 믮  ⨬-
 । ॣ஢  ᮮ⢥⢨   ⮪  .  ⨬  ᠬ
 室 易⥫쭮 㪠  ६  ணࠬ    -
஢. ,   ६  饭  ॣ,  蠥
 ஢  . ⮬ ᠭ "register" 筮 o 
ᠭ "auto"   㣮 ᫠  .
       㭪樨 ணࠬ  16 ६ ⮣  ⨯  ⠭-
 ⠬  ࠧ饭  ॣ  ६ ⨯ "uto" 
"register". K  ⠪  ⨯  ⭮  "楫",  "ᨬ",
" "  "㪠⥫".
     ।⢠ 몠     ६.  MSX-C
⠪, ᫮, ᯮ ⨬ ।⢠.     -
,   ꥪ⠬ । ॣ஢ , -
 ஡.  ᫮ ⥬,   ⠪ "" ॣ  -
.
     ਬ, ᫨ 

        int n;
        n=10;
        scanf ("%d",&n);
        printf ("%d",n);

       100,   祭  ६  n?  筮,  100.
  祭 ६     ,  ᫨
㪠  祭 ⮣ . ⥫쭮,  ஡    -
, ᫨  맮 㭪樨 ।   ⢥ ࠬ   -
६.
       ਬ

        int n;
        int *p;
        p=&n;
        n=10;
        *p=100;
        printf ("%d",n);

      ,   ⢥ 祭 ६ n 㤥  -
஢  100,  10.   ।ﬨ,     "n=10",a
㣮 "printf("%d",n)",  䨣 "&n". ⮬   頥
"n"  .
     筮, ᫨ ⥫쭮 ⬥  ࠢ, ⢮訥  -
 ਬ,    㣮 ଥ    ࠦ, ᤥ
 ⢨⥫묨   砥, 㦭 ᪮஢ ।

        #pragma noregalo

     । 㭪樥  ।

        #pragma regalo

     ᫥ 㭪樨. ᫨   㪠,  ࠧ  -
  ६,   ⮩ 㭪樨. ⮬  ࠡ⪠  -
  ਬ஢ ⮦ ன ଠ쭮.



     2.5. ।  -뢮 
            ணࠬ  裡


       ⠭⭮  ᯥ祭 㭪樨  ।-
  -뢮  প ணࠬ  裡 ⠪ ,
  । UNIX. ᫥⢨ ⮣  ᮧ ࠧࠧ 㬥-
⠫ ।⢠    㭨஢ ।,  ன  ࠧࠡ뢠-
 ணa.  ।  -뢮      -  ண-
ࠬ  裡 . .1.4 "ண 짮⥫᪨ ணࠬ".



     2.6.  㣨 ᮡ 


     1.  ࠬ  MSX-C ஢  䨪  ६  
㭪権   16- ᨬ .   ⠪  ७  
 ᯮ짮  騥   ६   㭪権  
 㤮⠥ ⥪ ணࠬ.
     2. ⪨  ६ ८ࠧ     -
  ࠢ,    .   ࠧ  -
㥬 C-ணࠬ 㯮 ࠢ    祭  ⠭-
 㦭묨   ।஢ 痢   ணࠬ,  ᠭ-
묨  ᥬ.
        譥 ६  ᨬ  "@".    "_"
(" ") ८ࠧ  "@".  ᥪ  6 ᨬ (᫨  
㪠 ० "-l").  ਢ ᪮쪮 ਬ஢,    
ࠢ.

        main    ->   main@
        _exit   ->   @exit@
        long_func_name_->long@f ( 㬮砭)
                       ->longfunc@name@@ ( 砥, 
                                          㪠 ० "-1")

      痢 MSX L-80  "" ᥪ      6-
ᨬ, ⮬ 譨 ६  ࠧ   6- ᨬ-
. ਬ,  㭪樨 ⠭⭮ ⥪ - ungetc    ungetch  -
 ࠧ  ࠬ 㪠  ࠢ.  ᠬ ,  ८-
ࠧ 

        ungetc -> unget@ -> ungetc
        ungetch -> undetch@ -> ungetc

     管 ᪫ ﭨ 㪠 䥪,  ⠭ 䠩  STDI0.H
祭 ᫥饥 ம।:

        #define ungetch ugetch

     3.  訡   ⮯ 訡筮 ப 
砫쭮 ᨬ (⮫  ப). 砫쭠   0.   -
ࠧ,  ࢮ ᨬ ணࠬ ⥪    "㫥  ப,
㫥 ⮫".
     4.  㪠  䠩 ᯮ । "#include" ९-
,  ᠭ .
        ." 䠩"- 뫪  䠩, 騩  ⠢
                      室 ணࠬ.
        . < 䠩>- 뫪  ⠭ 䠩 ⥬
                       MSX-DOS.
     ਬ, ᫨  ।

        #include <stdio.h>
        #include "common.h",

       砥 ࢮ   ᤥ 뫪  䠩 ⥬ MSX-DOS,  
砥 ண -  䠩, 騩  ⠢ 室 ணࠬ.



        2.7. 樨  ணࠬ஢


     1.  짮 ४ᨢ묨 㭪ﬨ, ᫨  ᮡ  -
室 ᯮ짮  ४ᨨ.  ⠪  室  
  ண 㯠  ⥬  ६,     
। ॣ஢ , , ᫥⥫쭮,    䥪⨢
ꥪ .
     2. ᫨ 㪠 ० "ᮢ⨬  PDP-11", ⢮ ꥪ⭮  
㤥 , ⮬ 㪠   ० 㦭 ਬ ⮫쪮   -
,  ॡ㥬 ᮢ⨬  ஢  ⠭⭮  몠    㦭
, 祬 䥪⨢ .
     3. ᯮ ⨯ "ᨬ"  8-⮢    ,  
⮫쪮 . ⮢ 樨 믮   8-⮢ 
 䥪⨢, 祬  묨   ᫮ ( ..  ⨯  "楫"  
" "). ⮬ । ६, ᫮ 祭   
室  ।  0-255, १ TINY(char).
     4.  ᯮ짮 16-⮢ ६ ᫥ ।   -
⢥ ⨯ " ",        ।⥫쭥,
 "楫".  ᫮ ⥬ ,    8080/Z-80  믮-
 権   ( ⭮, 権 ࠢ 稭   )
ॠ  訬 ࠧ.
     5. ⥫쭮 ⠭ ᪮ ०     -
. ६, ।  ᪨  譨,    
㧪  ॣ஢ . ⮬, ᫨  襭 ᪮  믮-
 ணࠬ ।  ६  ᪨,   㭪樨
 譨 (ᮮ⢥⢥ static  external),  १ 㤥 ⨢-
: 䥪⨢ ꥪ⭮  ⢥  .    ⥬
MSX ᠬ  ந । ॣ஢, ⮬ ᫥ -
⥫쭮 ।  ६  auto.




         3. ⠭ 
                        㭪樨


      ⮣, ⮡  짮⥫  ࠧࠡ  ਪ  ண-
ࠬ,  MSX-C ᯥ祭 ⠭묨  묨  㭪ﬨ.  
  뢠   㭪樨  ⠭⭮  ⥪  
MSX-C.  㭪樨  ࠧ  ᫥騥 4 訥 .
    1. 饣 祭
    2. ࠢ .
    3. ࠡ⪨ ப  ᨬ ப.
    4. -뢮.
     㭪樨 ⠭⭮ ⥪   ଠ: ꥪ⭮  ६-
 ( REL-ଠ  Microsoft)  室 ᨬ쭮.   㭪樨
ᮡ࠭  CLIB.REL.  ணࠬ  室  몥  祭    ⠢
᫥ 䠩:

        LIB0.ASM, LIB0.C, LIB1.C, UB2.C  LIB3.C.

     ஡ ଠ    ⠭ 㭪権 (ਬ,  ᯮ-
ᮡ ਬ)    ⥬  ।⢥  ᬮ  
䠩.
        䠩 - LIB.TC0,-   ⭮襭    ⠭
 㭪:  ᯮ  ࠡ  FPC,    ஢
䠪᪨ ࠬ.  䠩 ᮤন    ⨯    ⠭-
 㭪権   ࠬ. ஡  ⨫ FPC   
ਫ F.
             ᪮쪮 ਬ஢  -
, ।塞   VOID, BOOL, typedef.  ⨯ ।  䠩-
 ⠭  STDI0.H.   짮⥫᪨ ணࠬ ⮦ -
⥫쭮  ᯮ짮-   窨 ७ ⠡쭮 ணࠬ   -
  .  VOID 㪠뢠  ,  ᮮ⢥ 㭪 
頥 祭,  ᯮ  ணࠬ. ஬ ⮣, ᪮
 ᮣ襭  MSX-C १ 権 ⭮襭  ᪨
権  楫 ⨯,  ᨬ쭮, - 室  ।  㫥
㭪,  頥  ६   祭.

     䨪 isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, 믮   
㭪樨,     ࠬࠬ.

        ᥣ ࠢ쭮 믮, ᫨  ⢥  ࠬ-
஢ । ࠦ, 騥  䥪.    ⥫⢮
  ᫮, ਬ, -  ⮬    㪠  
ᮢ  । , 뢠騥 筮 ⢨ ,ࠬ. (
᫥ ⠪, 뢠 筮 ⢨ ࠬ஢ ,    
樨 "++"  "--", 樨 ⠭  맮  㭪権.)  ।
㪠 ᮢ   䠩 ⠭  STDIO.H.  ⮬ 
䠩 ᮤঠ ⠪ । ⨯  㭪権 ⠭⭮ -
.  ᠬ 砫 짮⥫᪮ ணࠬ  易⥫쭮  -
   䠩    ९ #include.




     3.1. 㭪樨 饣 祭


     㭪
        int abs(n)
        int n;
     頥 祭 "n" , ࠢ ᮫⭮ 稭 n.

     㭪
        int max(a,b)
        int a,b;
     頥   楫 a  b 襥 祭 ⮦ 楫 ⨯.

     㭪
        int min(,b)
        int a,b;
     頥  楫 稭   楫 a  b.

     㭪
        VOID setmem (addr, count, byte)
        char * addr, byte; unsigned count;
     뢠 祭 ६ byte     count  ⮢
 砫 ᮬ addr.

     㭪
        VOID movmem (source, dest, count)
        char * source, *dest; unsigned count;
     ᤢ ᮤন    count ⮢   ᯮ
  source   砫   dest.

     㭪
        VOID gsort (base, nel, width, compar)
        char * base; unsigned nel, width; int(*compar)();
     ந ⠭  童  ᫥⥫쭮  .  ࠬ
base - 砫  ᫥⥫쭮; nel - 室  ᫮  ⮢
; width - ᫮ ⮢    ⮢ ; compar -  㪠-
⥫ 㭪樨,  頥 祭 ⨯ "楫"  ᭮    -
 㪠⥫ x  y  ᫥饬 ࠢ:
        ⥫쭮 祭, ᫨ *x>*y;
                   ,        ᫨ *x==*y;
        ⥫쭮 祭, ᫨ *x<*y.

     㭪
        int expargs (argc,argv,maxargc,xargv)
        int argc,maxargc; char argv[],*xargv[];
     ⢫   ४ਨ 䠩   , ᯮ    -
⢥ ࠬ஢ ,    饬 砥 ⠪  ᯥ樠-
 ᨬ:     . ਬ  㭪   -
 ணࠬ  믮  㭪権,    ᯥ稢  㪠묨
ᯥ樠묨 ᨬ  㭪樨 shell  ⥬ UNIX.
     ࠬ argc, argv ।   ணࠬ  짮⥫  
. ࠬ xargv  㪠⥫ ᨬ쭮 ᨢ.

     㭪
        VOID exit(n)
        int n;
     蠥 ᯮ ணࠬ  ந  ⠭  稪
⥬ MSX-DOS.  砥,  㪠 ணࠬ    裡,  exit
樨 ᫥ ணࠬ. ࠬ n -     ணࠬ:  -
⢮ ⮣ ࠬ  㪠뢠,  ணࠬ 믮  ଠ쭮;
᫨   ⫨祭  ,  㪠뢠  ,     -
 ணࠬ  訡. ᫨ ணࠬ exit 뫠 맢   
 ⫨祭    砥,  㪠 ணࠬ  裡,
  䠩 ⮬᪨ 뢠.

     㭪
        int call (addr, a,h,b,d)
        unsigned addr, int a,h,b,d,;
     뢠 ணࠬ, ᠭ  設 몥  ᯮ 
 addr.  ६ 맮 ⠭ ᫥騥  祭  ॣ஢
業ࠫ쭮 :
        A<-a, HL<-h, BC<-b, DF<-d.
     ஬ ⮣, ᮤন  ॣ஢ HL, ।  ணࠬ 
設 몥, ⠭ 祭 㭪樨.

     㭪
        char calla (addr,a,h,b,d)
        unsigned addr, int a, h,b,d;
        㭪樥 call. ⫨ ⭮  ᫥饬:  -
祭 㭪樨 ⠭ ᮤন ॣ A,    ॣ஢ HL.


     㭪
        char inp(n)
        unsigned n;
     頥 祭 8-⮢ 稭, ஥ 뢠  
 ,  ண ࠢ n.

     㭪
        VOID outp(n,b)
        unsigned n; char b;
     뢮 8-⮢ 稭    ᮬ n.

     㭪
        BOOL kbhit()
     頥  ᮫  (⥬  ன⢮  MSX-DOS)  祭
"⨭", ᫨ ந   ,  祭 "" -   ⨢-
 砥. ᪨  ᨬ 믮 㭪樥 getchar,    
 㣨 㭪権.

     㭪
        VOID sengebrk()
     믮  exit(1),    뢠 ᮫, 
᫨ ஫ C 믮 .

     㭪
        char bdos (c,de)
        char c; int de;
     뢠 㭪 "C" ணࠬ bdos, ⠢   ॣ஢  "DE"
ࠬ "de". 祭 㭪樨 ⠭ ᮤন ॣ A, ᫨ 
।  BDOS.
     ਬ砭:  㭪樨 "C" ணࠬ BDOS  楫 ⨯,    ᨬ-
쭮,   室  . .. -   ⬥
MSX  ஫ ⨯ ६, ᫥  ॢ  ᨬ ⨯
ᯮ짮 㭪樥 char.
     ਬ ࠢ쭮 ᯮ짮:
        bdos(1,param).
     ࠢ쭮 :
        bdos((char)1,param).
      㭪権 BDOS ।  䠩  BDOSFUNC.H.

     㭪
        int bdosh (c,de)
        char s; int de;
     ந 맮 BDOS 筮 ⠪ ,      㭪  bdos    ⥬
MSX-DOS. ⫨稥 ⮨  ⮬,  祭 㭪樨 ।   -
஢ HL.

     㭪
        char bios(n,bc,de)
        char n; int bc, de;
     뢠 BIOS  n- 室 ⠡ 室, ⠭      -
஢ BC 祭 ࠬ bc,    ॣ஢ DE - 祭 de.  -
ࠬ n    ⨯ "楫" -    "ᨬ". 祭-
 㭪樨 ⠭  祭, ஥ 㯨  ॣ A    砥
।  㭪樨 BIOS.

     㭪
        int biosh (n,bc,de)
        char n, int bc,de;
     ந 맮 BIOS 筮 ⠪   ࠧ,      㭪  bios.
⫨稥  ⮬,   祭 㭪 砥   ॣ஢ HL.

     㭪
        VOID exec1(progname, arg1, arg2,...)
        char *progname, *arg1, *arg2,...;
     믮 ⥭   䠩  ⤥쭮 ணࠬ. ப  ᨬ
"progname"   䠩,  ᮤন ᯮ塞 ணࠬ.  -
砥, ᫨   䠩  㪠⥫ ⨯,   
.COM. 祭 arg1, arg2, arg3,... ⠢    ⢥  ࠬ஢,
ࠧ 楯.
     ਬ, १ 饭:
        exec1 ("time", "is", "money");
     㤥 筮 ⠪ ,  ᫨   ᮫ 뫠 믮 
        A>TIME IS MONEY.
     ।  㭪樨  㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ
        VOID execl(.);
     ࢮ砫쭮 室,    ।  祭    䠩  ⠭-
  STDI0.H.

     饭  㭪樨
        VOID execv (progname, argv)
        char *progname, *argv[];
     樨 믮 ணࠬ   "progname" 筮 ⠪  -
ࠧ,   㭪 exec1. ⫨稥 -   ࠬ஢,   ,  ᫨
  ࠧ ।,   ⮡ࠦ  祭  argv.  
 ᯨ᪠ argv ⠢ ᨬ NULL.  ࠧ,  ࠬ  ࠧ
ᯨ᮪:  argv[0]  ࢮ ࠬ, ⥬  argv[1] -   ண
ࠬ  ..,    ᯨ᪠ - NULL.
     ਬ, 饭
        static char *param[]={
        "all work", "and", "no play", "makes",
        "jack", "a dull boy", NULL
        };
        execv ("foo", param);
筮 ᫥饬 १:
        A>foo all work and no play makes jack a dull boy.




     3.2. 㭪樨 ࠢ 


     㭪樨
        char*alloc(n)
        unsigned n;
        
        VOID free(p)
        char*p;
     ।⠢  㭪樨  ᮪஢  ࠢ  .  㭪
alloc 뤥   n ⮢   ᢮   -
  ⢥ ᢮ 祭 㪠⥫ 砫 ⮣ .  砥, 
 筮 ꥬ,  㭪 頥 NULL. 㭪 free -
  , ।⥫쭮 । 㭪樥 alloc.  ⠫쭠
, 室  । , ।     alloc,
  㭪樥 free.

     㭪
        char*sbrk(n)
        unsigned n;
     믮 ஢ ࠢ ,  :  뤥  
 n ⮢  頥 㪠⥫   .    砥  ⢨
室 ꥬ  ।  㪠⥫ ᢮   㪠-
 ⥪ 㭪 頥 祭 ERROR.  ⢥ "筮  -
" ਭ ⠭⭠ 稭 1000 ⮢,     -
 㭪樨 rsvstk.

     㭪
        VOLD rsvstk(n)
        unsigned n;
     ࠭ ࠭ n ⮢  ⢥  ⥪.    -
  㭪樥1 sbrk  ⥪  ஢   -
稥 ⪠  n ⮢. ⠭  ꥬ  ࠭塞    ⥪
⠢ 1000 ⮢.



     3.3. 㭪樨 ࠡ⪨ ᨬ  ப


     㭪
        int atoi(s)
        char*s;
     ८ࠧ ᫥⥫쭮 ᨬ   ASCII, 㪠뢠  -
ࠬ஬ s,  ⥫ .  砫  ࠡ뢠    ᨬ-
,.. ஡  ⠡ ('.t').  ந ᪠஢ ᫥-
⥫쭮  । ⠭    ⠢  "" 
஢ ᨬ.  砥  ⢨  ஢  ᨬ  㭪-
 頥 .

     㭪
        char *strcat(s,t)
        char *s, *t;
     த ᨬ ப s,        ப  t.  
 ப s   筮   ࠧ饭  t.    ⢥
᢮ 祭 㭪 頥  ନ஢ ப s.

     㭪
        int strcmp(s,t)
        char*s, *t;
     믮 -ᨬ쭮 ࠢ  ப s  t, 頥   
祭, ନ㥬  ᫥騬 ࠢ:
     ᫨ s>t,  祭 - "";
     ᫨ s=t,  祭 - ;
     ᫨ s<t,  祭 - "".

     㭪
     char*strepy(s,t)
     char*s, *t;
      ᨬ ப t  ப s  頥  ப s  
⢥ ᢮ 祭.   ப t  ப s   -
筮 ࠭⢮.

     㭪
         int strlen (s)
         char*s;
     頥  ᨬ쭮 ப s, ।塞     ᨬ
 '.0'. 쭠 ப,    ஡,   0.

     㭪
        BOOL isalpha(c)
        char c;
     頥 祭 "⨭" ( ), ᫨ "c"  ᨬ -
䠢⭮-஢  ⢠.    ⨢  砥   頥   祭
""(0).

     㭪
        BOOL isupper (c)
        char c;
     頥 祭 "⨭", ᫨ "c" - ய᭮ ᨬ.  ⨢
砥 頥 祭 "".

     㭪
        BOOL islower(c)
        char c;
     頥 祭 "⨭",  ᫨  㬥  -    ᨬ,  
"", ᫨ .

     㭪
        BOOL islower(s)
        char c;
     頥 祭 "⨭", ᫨ ᨬ "c" - a  ('0'  -'9'),  
⨢ 砥 頥 祭 "".

     㭪
        BOOL isspace(c)
        char c;
     頥 祭 "⨭", ᫨ "c" - ⮩ ᨬ (஡,  ⠡-
, ப ᨬ '.n'),  "", ᫨  ᫮  믮.

     㭪
        char toupper (c)
        char c;
     頥 ᨬ "c", ᫨  , ८ࠧ   ய᭮,
   ᨬ "c", ᫨   .

     㭪
        char tolower(c)
        char c;
     頥 ᨬ "c", ᫨   ८ࠧ    ⥬ 
ᠬ, ᫨    ய.

     㭪
        VOID sprintf (buffer, format, arg1, arg2,...)
        char *buffer, *format;
     뢮  ଠ, ८ࠧ    ࠢ    ଠ⮬  㭪樨
printf.   뢮 ᢮  ⮬,   ⨢  ⠭⭮
뢮  (stdout)  뢮  ᨬ쭠  ப  ९뢠    
buffer.   뢮 ப 뢠 ᨬ '.0'.
     ⮡  㭪 ᯥ஢  㭪  ६묨 ࠬ-
, 㦭  ᠬ 砫  ।
                VOID sprintf(.);
 । 祭  䠩 ⠭  STDIO.H.

     㭪
        int sscanf(line,format,arg1,arg2,...)
        char *line,*format;
     믮  筮 ⠪ ,   㭪 scanf,  ⥬ ⫨稥, 
   ਠ   ,  㪠  䨪஬  line.
쭠 ப, 㪠  line,     ᨬ  ".0".
  ᨬ  .
      ⮣, ⮡ ᯥ஢ 㭪 sscanf  ६묨  ࠬ-
ࠬ, 㦭   ᠬ 砫 ।
        int sscanf(.);
஥ 祭  䠩 ⠭  STDIO.H.




                3.4. 㭪樨 -뢮


     㭪樨 -뢮  ࠧ    訥  㯯.  ᭮
-뢮  ᮪஢ 㭪樨 ᨬ쭮 -뢮, 
   ࣠ ணࠬ  裡  ७-
 -뢮. ஬ ᪮ 䠩  ⠪ ᯮ짮  ன⢠
-뢮 樮 ⥬ MSX-DOS.     ᯮ짮  
ன -뢮  ।⠢   ᫥饩 ⠡.

          --------------------------------------------------------
                                         뢮
          ________________________________________________________

            CON                   

            PRN                 

            NUL                   
          ________________________________________________________

      NUL 砥 䨪⨢ ன⢮ -뢮.     
頥 " 䠩",  뢮  ॠ .   砥  
⠪ ன -뢮 ਧ  ந. ⮬  ࠬ
bufsize  맮 㭪樨 fopen ,      뤥-
.
      ।  MSX-C,    UNIX, ন 堭  -
७ࠢ -뢮  ணࠬ  裡.    䠩  ⠭-
  STDIO.H ᮤঠ ।  㪠⥫  䠩  
⨯:   stdin(⠭⭮   ),   stdout(⠭⭮    뢮)    
stderr(⠭⭮ 뢮 ⨪ 訡).  樨஢  ணࠬ
 䠩 뢠 ⮬᪨ ।⢠ ⥬ .  -
  ப  砥 䠩,   ᯥ஢,  
⠭   뢮. ⠭ 뢮 ᪨ ᮮ饭  
訡 ९  ᮫ (ன⢮   CON  ⥬  MSX-DOS)
    . ஡ ᢥ  ७ࠢ  -뢮
 ணࠬ  ᫥ ᬮ   .1.4.  "ᯮ  짮-
⥫᪨ ணࠬ".
     㭪樨 ஢ -뢮  믮 ⮫쪮  䠩-
:    뢮  .    믮  樨
஢ -뢮 ਬ⥫쭮   ᮮ⢥騬  ன⢠.
। ⮪ -뢮 ⠪ ⠭ . -
 筮 ᯮ ⮫쪮 㭪樨 ஢ -뢮.



        3.4.1. 㭪樨 ஢ -뢮


     㭪
        FD  open(filename,mode)
        char *filename;int mode;
     뢠 䠩  , ᠭ  ᨬ쭮 ப file- name,  
頥 ਯ ⮣ 䠩. ࠬ mode 㪠뢠 ०  ᯮ짮-
 ⮣ 䠩.   ਭ ᫥騥 祭:
        0 -  ⮫쪮 ⥭;
        1 -  ⮫쪮 ;
        2 -  樨  ⥭,  .
     㭪 頥 祭 訡 (ERROR)  ᫥ :
     1)  ப filename  ᮤন ࠢ쭮  䠩;
     2)  䠩  , 㪠 ப filename,  .
     ਬ砭: ᫨ 䠩 ᮧ  ,  室  짮  
                 㭪樥 open,  㭪樥 creat.

     㭪
     creat(filename)
     char *filename;
     ᮧ  䠩   filename, 뢠   ᯥ樠쭮  -
   頥 ਯ ⮣ 䠩.  砥, ᫨  -
  㭪樨 䠩  㪠  㦥 ⢮,  砫 㭨⮦-
,  ⥬  ᮧ     ᮤন.  ᫨    믮
creat 㤥 ஢ ᡮ, 㭪  祭 ERROR.

     㭪
     STATUS close(fd)
     FD     fd;
     뢠 䠩  㪠 ਯ஬ fd, ᫥ 祣  ਯ
 ᯮ짮  㣮 䠩. 㭪 頥  祭  OK  
砥    ERROR - -  ⨢ 砥.

     㭪
     int read(fd,buf,n)
     FD   fd;char *buf; unsigned n;
     믮 ⥭ n ⮢  䠩   fd        
    buf. 㭪 頥  ⢮  ⮢,  -
 ᮤন 䠩  ॠ쭮 ᠭ  .  ⨦  
䠩 頥 祭 .       ,  ⮡
   ࠧ, .. 訩, 祬 n ⮢.

     㭪
     int write(fd,buf,n)
     FD   fd; char *buf; unsigned n;
     ९뢠 ᮤন    buf  䠩   fd  -
⢥ n ⮢.  㭪 頥 祭 ᫠ ⮢,  ᠭ-
  䠩.  砥,  ᪮ ࠭⢮ 筮 㯭,  -
 饭 祭, 襥,  n.

     㭪
     STATUS unlink(filename)
     char *filename;
     㭨⮦ 䠩   filename.  ⥬ MSX-DOS  ⠪ -
 ᨬ "*"  "?",  㦠  㪠 ந ᨬ-
.

     㭪
     STATUS  rename(oldname,newname)
     char *oldnaem, *newname;
      ०  䠩 oldname  㣮 - newname. ᫨ 䠩  
,     ᫥ .




        3.4.2. 㭪樨 ᮪஢ -뢮


     㭪
     FILE  *fopen(filename,mode[,bufsize])
     char  *filename, *mode; int bufsize;
     o뢠 䠩   filename  ᯮ짮    ࠬ  ᮪-
஢ -뢮.  ᨬ쭮 ப mode 室  㪠  
 ᫥ ᨬ:
     "r" -  ० ⥭;
     "w" -  ० .
     ᫨  砥 㪠 ०  䠩  㪠   㦥  -
,  ᮤন ࠭.  ६ bufsize 㪠뢠 ࠧ-
 , ⢮  - -뢮.  ࠧ      ᤥ
祭 .  ਭ 稭 1  (1024 ⮢).
     㭪 fopen 頥 祭 㪠⥫ ⨯ 䠩 (㪠⥫ 䠩-
).  㪠⥫ ᯮ  砥 맮 㭪権 putc    getc  
䨪樨 䠩.  砥   䠩 㭪  -
頥 祭 NULL.
       㭪樨 fopen  ६묨 ࠬࠬ 㦭  
⠪ ।:
        FILE *fopen(.);
      । 祭  䠩 ⠭  STDIO.H.

     㭪
     STATUS fclose(fp)
     FILE *fp;
     뢠 䠩, । 䠩 㪠⥫ fp.  ࠡ  䠩-
  ० 뢮 ᮤন , ᮥ   䠩,  ⮬-
᪨ ९뢠  뢠 䠩.     㭪樨  fclose  
 ⮫쪮  䠩, ࠡ  묨 ஢  ࠬ  ᮪஢-
 -뢮.   䠩  ࠬ ஢ --
 室 ᯮ짮 㭪 close.

     㭪樨
     STATUS  putchar(c)
     char c;

     STATUS  putc(c,fp)
     char c; FILE *fp;
     ⢫ 뢮 ᨬ ""  砥 putchar - ⠭  ࠧ
(stdiout),   砥 putc -  䠩, 㪠  fp.

     㭪樨
     int getchar()

     int getc(fp)
     FILE *fp;
     믮   ᨬ. 㭪 getchar 砥  ᨬ 
⠭⭮   頥    ⢥  ᢮  祭.  㭪
getc 砥 ᨬ  䠩, 祭 㪠⥫ fp,  頥  
 ⢥ ᢮ 祭. ᫨ ⨣  䠩,  頥 ᨬ-
 " 䠩- " (OF).
     㦭    ⮣,  㭪樨 getchar  getc  
祭 ⨯ int,   ⨯ char.

     㭪樨
     VOID ungetch(c)
     char c;

     VOID ungetc(c,fp)
     char c; FILE *fp;
     । ᨬ ""  : 㭪 ungetch - १ ⠭  
(stdin),  㭪 ungetc - १ 䠩, 㪠 ਯ஬ fp. -
 । ᨬ ""  砥 맮 㭪権  getchar    getc  祭
ᨬ "" ⠭ 頥 祭.

     㭪樨
     STATUS puts(s)
     char *s;

     STATUS fputs(s,fp)
     char *s; FILE *fp;
     뢮 ᨬ ப s, 襭 ᨬ . 㭪  puts
믮 ⠭ 뢮 (stdout),  㭪 fputs - 뢮  䠩, -
祭 䠩 㪠⥫ fp.  ⮬   ᯥ祭  ᮢ⨬  
⠭ ଠ⮬ ⥬ MSX-DOS ᨬ  ப ".n" ८ࠧ-
  ⠭ " ⪨ - ॢ ப".  襭 -
  뢮  㯠.

     㭪樨
     char *gets(s,n)
     char *s; int n;

     char *fgets(s,n,fp)
     char *s; int n; FILE *fp;
      ப s    :  㭪  gets  -  १  ⠭  
(stdin),  㭪 fgets 砥  ப  䠩 fp -    ⫨稥
 gets. 室 ⮪ ᨬ ⠥   ,    -
 ᨬ ".n".     室 ⮪    ᨬ  
".0". ଥ n 砥     .
        (  饬 砥  s ) 㭪樨     -
⢥ 祭.  砥 㦥  䠩 㭪 fgets  頥
NULL.

     㭪樨
     STATUS printf(format,arg1,arg2,...)
     char *format;

     STATUS fprintf(fp,format,arg1,arg2,...)
     FILE *fp; char *format;
     믮 ८ࠧ ଠ⮢    뢮: 㭪 printf  -
१ ⠭ 뢮 (stdout),   - -  䠩, 祭  䠩
㪠⥫ fp. ப ࠢ  -    ᨬ,  祭  㪠⥫
format,  ८ࠧ   室 ⮪    ।,    ⠭
ᯥ䨪஬ ८ࠧ, 믮塞  ᫥騬 ࠢ:
        %       [-]     [[o]w]  [.n]c
      "-" 㪠뢠  ,    ࣠  ᤢ  .
(筮  ᤢ ࠢ).
      "w" 砥 ᨬ쭮 ࠭祭   ਭ. ᫨  -
।  "w" ⠢ ,     ⫨稥    ஡  
ᨬ ७ "".  ??? "-n"  ⮫쪮    ⮬  砥,
  ८ࠧ⥫ ப (%s).    ".n" ⠭-
 ᨬ쭮 ᫮ ᨬ, 뢮   ப.  ""  -
 ਭ   ᫥ 祭:
        d - 筮 ᫮  ;
        u - 筮 ᫮  ;
        o - 쬥筮 ᫮  ;
        x - ⭠筮 ( );
        s - ᨬ쭠 ப;
        c - ᨬ.
     ଠ,  ⠢ ன    ਢ    ᨬ
८ࠧ, ।  뢮 ⮪  . ਬ,  -
 ᫥⥫쭮 "%%"  뢥  ᨬ 業(%).
     㭪樨 printf  fprintf  ।   㭪樨    ६묨
ࠬࠬ:
     STATUS printf(.), fprintf(.);
      । 祭  䠩 ⠭  STDIO.H.
       ஡ ⢠  㭪ﬨ printf  fprintf  -
   ୨  .

     㭪樨
     int scanf(format,arg1,arg2,...)
     char *format;

     int fscanf(fp,format,arg1,arg2,...)
     ⢫   ८ࠧ ଠ . 㭪 scanf -
  ᯮ짮 ⠭⭮  (stdin); 㭪 fscanf    
䠩, 㪠  "fp". ப ࠢ ᨬ, 㪠 -
 format, 㦨  ᮣᮢ ᯥ䨪権 ८ࠧ  室-
 ⮪,  ண  㯠 ࠢ騥 ᨬ. ࠬ arg1  ,
arg2,...   㪠⥫ﬨ ६,  㦠   ࠧ饭
  १⮢ ८ࠧ.
     ଠ ᯥ䨪権 ८ࠧ a뢠  ᫥饬 :
        %[*]c
      ⮬,  ᨬ 窨 ᠭ ᫥  業, -
 ⥬  㪠  室 㤠 ᨬ  室  -
⮪.  "" 㦨  ࠪ 祭    ᫥
㪠⥫ ८ࠧ:
        d - 筮 ᫮;
        x - ⭠筮 ᫮;
         - 쬥筮 ᫮;
         - ᨬ;
        s - ப ᨬ.
     㭪樨 scanf  fscanf    ⢥  祭  ᫮  ,
ࠧ ᯥᨬ.  砥 室   䠩 뤠 祭
EOF.
      㪠 㭪樨     ।  ᫥騬  ࠧ  
㭪樨  ६묨 ࠬࠬ:
        int scanf(.),fscanf(.);
      । 祭  䠩 ⠭  STDIO.H.
      ஡ ᢥ   㭪     -
   [4].
 
