

                  

      y樨 -  筮 ࠧ  
. y쭮 ⮩ ᫨   襩 ࠭  ᨫ 
ࠧ஢  ࠤ樮 ஡  ⮩稢  ࠢ塞
y ८業.  㣮 ஭, ࠧ,  ᮦ,
ᮢ६  裡      ᯮ짮
஢묨 ⨦ﬨ   ᮪᪮ ஢ ⥬ -
। ଠ樨.  ⮬   㥬 ⥫䮭 -
 裡  , 㬠,    ⠢ 
ப ࠭ ।⢮ ଠ樮 㭨権.  -
 ,   㧨,   騥 㡥 -ந-
⥫ ⥫㭨樮 㤮 﫨  ࠧࠡ 
ந⢮    ⠭ V.34,   
⥬⨪  ᪮ 㣠᭥      ᫥ 㭨-
樮  ࠭.

          ⪠   ⮪ 䨧-
᪮ ஢   ࠬ஢  , ࠡ  -
  뤥  裡 ⮭쭮  (⥫䮭 -
). ० 祬  ᮡ⢥ , ⮨ ᤥ ᪮쪮
砭 饣 ࠪ ⭮⥫쭮 ਭ⮩ ନ  -
樯 ࠡ .     ࠧ㬥,
易  ⪮ ।⠢ ப 㡫  ࠧ -
 ﬨ   /, ᮮ⢥⢥  樮 ᪮-
  ଠ樮. ஬ ⮣, ᯮ묨  ᢥ 
  樨, ਬ塞  ,  ⠪  㯫-
 裡  ᯮᮡ  ᯥ祭.


                 

        ⮭쭮  ࠪਧ ⥬, 
ᯥ ।   ᨣ ࠭祭   300 
 3400 . 稭,   ⠪ ࠭祭  , 
⠭  ࠬ  . ਬ   . 
 ࠭祭 ᯥ   ᭮ ॣࠤ  ᯮ짮-
 ⥫䮭   ᮪᪮⭮ । ஢ -
樨. ,   㤠 ,  ᮬ 㪠
,  ᪮ । ଠ樨    ࠭祭
ᯥ஬   ॢ室 ਭ ⮣ ᯥ, .. 3100  
襬 砥.    ⮣   , ।騬 ଠ-
  ᪮ﬨ 4800, 9600, 14400 /   ? ⢥ -
訢 ᠬ:   孨 ।    / 
    .  ᭥ ⮣ ⥧ ⮨ ᬮ
⥫쭥 䨧᪨ ஢ ࠡ .

      ᪨ ᨣ, ࠭騩  , ࠪ-
ਧ ६ ࠬࠬ - 㤮, ⮩  䠧. 
    ࠬ஢,   ᮢ⭮ ன 
ᮢ㯭  ᨬ  祭 ଠ樮   ⠢-
 䨧 魮  樨.  ଠ樮
 ᮮ⢥ 䨪஢ १ ६,  ஬
᪨ ᨣ  । 祭 ᢮ ࠬ஢,
ࠪਧ 祭 ⮣ ଠ樮 .  -
 ६ 뢠  ࢠ. ᫨ 㥬  -
⢥   ଠ樨,   ਭ 祭
0  1,    ࢠ ࠬ ᨣ ᮮ⢥⢥
 ਭ    ।। ᮢ㯭⥩ 祭
,   䠧.  ⮬ 砥 樮 ᪮ (
 뢠   ) ࠢ ଠ樮, .. 1  =
1 /.  㥬   ᮮ⢥⢮  , ,
ਬ,  ⠬ ଠ樨.  ⮬ 砥 ଠ樮 ᪮-
 㤥  ॢ室 ,  ࠬ ᨣ  -
 ࢠ  ਭ    ᮢ㯭⥩ -
, ᮮ⢥ 00, 01, 10  11.

       饬 砥, ᫨   ࢠ  n , 
ଠ樮 ᪮ 㤥 ॢ室   n ࠧ.  -
⢮  ﭨ ᨣ  嬥୮ ( 饬 砥)
࠭⢥ - 㤠, , 䠧 - 㤥 ࠢ 2**n.  -
,   , 稢   ࢠ  ᨣ-
,  㤥 ࠢ   2**n ⠫묨 ᨣ  -
筮      ஢ ᪮ n .  -
ࠧ,  㢥祭  ஢  ⮬ ଠ樮
᪮ ⭮⥫쭮 , ﭨ  ᨣ쭮 ࠭⢥
  ᥤ 窠 ᮪頥  ⥯ ணᨨ. 
,  ᢮ ।, 뢠   ⪨ ॡ 
""  ।. ᪨  ᪮  ॠ-
  । ⭮ 㫮 :

            V = F log (1+S/N),

 F    - ਭ  ய᪠ ,
    S/N  - ⭮襭 ᨣ/.

      ன ᮬ⥫  ।    窨
७  㬫  ⮢୮ । ᨣ, -
    ଠ樨   ࢠ. , ਬ, ᫨
⭮襭 ᨣ/ ᮮ⢥ 20 dB, .. 魮 ᨣ, -
室饣  㤠 ,  100 ࠧ ॢ室 魮 㬠,
 ᯮ    ⮭쭮  (3100 ),
ᨬ쭠 ࠭   ࠢ 20640 /.


                 

         樨, ࠭稬 ⮫쪮 ⥬,  -
쭮 ᯮ  .  ⠪  ᠬ  ᥣ : -
⭠, 䠧ࠧ⭠  樮 㤭-䠧 -
.  ⠫ -  , 祬 ਠ樨  .

       ⭮ 樨 (FSK, Frequency Shift Keying) 祭-
 0  1 ଠ樮  ᮮ⢥ ᢮  䨧᪮
ᨣ    㤥. ⭠  쬠 -
⮩稢, ᪮ ᪠   ࣠  ᭮-
 㤠 ᨣ,   .  ⮬ ⮢୮ -
樨,    ⮩稢 ⥬ , 祬  ਮ
ᨣ    ࢠ.  㢥祭  ࢠ-
   稭 ᭨ ᪮ । ଠ樨.  -
 ஭, 室  ⮣  樨 ਭ ᯥ
ᨣ   ⥫쭮 㦥 ᥩ  .  -
  ਬ FSK - ᪮,  ᮪
⠭, 騥 ⢫     訬 -
ﬨ 㤭-⭮ ࠪ⨪,    祭
ᮩ ய᪠.

       䠧ࠧ⭮ 樨 (DPSK, Differential Phase Shift
Keying) 塞  ᨬ  祭 ଠ樮 -
 ࠬ஬  䠧 ᨣ   㤥  -
.  ⮬  ଠ樮  ⠢  ᮮ⢥-
⢨  ᮫⭮ 祭 䠧,    ⭮⥫쭮 ।-
饣 祭. ᫨ ଠ樮   ,   -
ᨬ   祭 (00, 01, 10  11) 䠧 ᨣ  -
  90, 180, 270 ࠤᮢ    .  ⥮ਨ
ଠ樨 ⭮,  䠧   ଠ⨢,
 㢥祭 ᫠ 㥬    (8 権 
䠧) ਢ  १ ᭨ ⮩稢. ⮬  -
᮪ ᪮ ਬ ஢ 㤭-䠧 -
 樨.

      樮 㤭-䠧  뢠 
୮ 㤭 樥 (QAM, Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation).    䠧 ᨣ ᯮ -
  㤮,   㢥稢 ᫮ 㥬
.  饥 ६ ᯮ 樨,   ⢮
㥬    ࢠ ଠ樮   -
  8, , ᮮ⢥⢥, ᫮ 権 ᨣ  ᨣ쭮
࠭⢥ -  256. , ਬ 筮 QAM  ⮬
 ⠫  쥧묨 ஡, 易묨  -
 ⮩稢 ஢. ⮬   ᮢ६ -
᮪᪮ ⮪ ᯮ ࠧ ⮣  -
樨, ..    ஢  ५--
஢ (TCM, Trellis Coded Modulation),   
宧饭 । ଠ樨 - ᭨ ॡ  ⭮-
襭 ᨣ/    稭  3  6 .  ⮣ -
஢ 砥   筮. ࠭⢮ ᨣ
  ⥬   ଠ樮 ⠬  -
,  ࠧ ।⢮ ᢥ筮 ஢ 
 ଠ樮    ⮢ 뢠. -
७ ⠪ ࠧ 㯯 ࣠  ⮩  樮
㤭-䠧 樨.   樨 ਭ⮣ ᨣ-
 ந  ஢  쬠 ७ 
ࡨ, 饬    筮   -
ਨ    ᨬ쭮 ࠢ  ᨣ-
 ࠭⢠  ⮢  , ⥬ ᠬ, ।-
 祭 ଠ樮 .


                 㯫

       㯫 ० ࠡ   ।-
 ଠ   ஭ ६.  ⥫䮭 
- ⨯ ਬ 㯫᭮ .    
- ᢮ ᮡᥤ    ᠬ ६,    ᢮ -
। ⠥ - ᮮ . 㣮 ,    
㣠,   㦥  ஡.      ⭥-
    裡. ஡   㤥   
ᯮᮡ  । 㯫 ଠ,   
  ᯮ 室 ᨣ  䮭 ࠦ 
  ᮡ⢥ 室 ᨣ,  䠪᪨
⠭   㬮.  ⮬  魮   
⮫쪮 ࠢ,   設⢥ 砥 ⥫쭮 ॢ室
魮 ਭ  ᨣ. ⮬,   
। ଠ ६   ஭ । -
ﬨ ⮪ 䨧᪮ ஢.

        ᯮᮡ ᯥ祭 㯫?  祢 ᯮ-
ᮡ,  ॡ騩  ࠧࠡ稪  ᮡ 䠭⠧,  
ॡ騩  ⥫䮭   祭  -
 砭, ⥪  㯮⮩ . ᫨ ⠪
 ,   ⮬ 砥   ᯮ  -
। ଠ樨 ⮫쪮   ࠢ.

      ᫨  室 ᯥ稢 㯫  ࠡ  -
 ,  室 ᯮ짮 㣨 ᯮᮡ.  
  ⭮ ࠧ .   ய᪠
 ࠧ    ,    
ந ।   ࠢ. 롮  ।
⢫  ⠯ ⠭ ᮥ ,  ࠢ, -
筮 易  ஫   ᥠ 裡: 뢠騩  ⢥-
騩. 祢,   ⮤   ᯮ짮 
   ꥬ  ⥫쭮 㦥  ய᪠-
.  ,   ᪫祭 ஭  ମ 
ᥤ , ࠧ  室  ⥫ "-
஬",  १ 祣      -
  ᯥ. ⢥⢥ (.  ), 
⮤ ᯥ祭 㯫᭮ 裡 ࠭稢 ᪮ ।
ଠ樨. 騥 ⮪ 䨧᪮ ஢, ᯮ騥
⭮ ࠧ , ᯥ稢 ᨬ 㯫
  ᪮ﬨ,  ॢ騬 2400 /.

      ઠ  ᨬ 㯫  砩.   ⮬, 
 ⮪ ᯥ稢   ᪮ ,   
ࠢ,   ६    - ⥫쭮 .
   ⮬ 砥 ⢫  ࠢ  ਭ
 ய᪠ .  ࠧ 㯫᭮ 裡 -
뢠 ᨬ筮.

      㣨 ⮤ ᯥ祭 ᨬ筮 㯫,  -
   ᮪᪮ ⮪,  孮
- (-樨).   砥  ⮬,  -
,  ଠ樥  ᮡ⢥ 室 ᨣ,  -
짮    䨫樨 ᮡ⢥ "㪮⢮୮" -
  ਭ ᨣ.  ⠯ 宦    ,
뫠  騩 ᨣ, । ࠬ -ࠦ-
: ६ 뢠  魮 ࠦ ᨣ.   
ᥠ 裡 -  "⠥"  ਭ 室-
 ᨣ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ 室 ᨣ, ᪮४஢ 
ᮮ⢥⢨  祭묨 ࠬࠬ -ࠦ.  孮
 ᯮ짮  㯫᭮ । ଠ樨  ਭ
 ய᪠ ,  ॡ  ॠ樨 쬠
쥧 ᫨⥫ ᮢ  ᨣ ࠡ.

      , ⮨ ⬥,   ⮪   
ᯥ 㯫 .  ⠪ 뢠 㯫 -
⮪.  ⭮,  ⮪, ।祭  䠪ᨬ쭮
裡 - 㯫.  ⮬ 砥    ६ -
 । ⮫쪮   ஭.  砭 ਥ/।
ன 樨 ଠ樨   (䠪) ᨭ஭ ४
ࠢ ।  (ping-pong).  ⢨ ஡ 
 ஭  ।,  ⠪  -ࠦ-
, 㯫 ⮪  饬 砥 ࠪਧ 襩
⮩稢   ᯮ짮 ᥩ ਭ 
ய᪠ .  䥪⨢ ᯮ짮  
।   ࠢ  㯫묨 ⮪ . 易
 ० ᥣ  ⥬,  ࠪ᪨  ⮪ । -
,  쭮 ஢ (MNP, V.42), ⠪  ஢ । 䠩
(X, Y, Zmodem,   㦥  ⮪ ⨯ BiDirectional), -
 ஭ ,  ࠩ   ⢥ত ਭ-
⮩ ଠ樨.   ४祭 ࠢ ।, 
    । ।  짮-
⥫᪮ ଠ樨, ॡ ⥫  室 
६   ᨭ஭ ਥ  ।饩 ஭.


            㯮ॡ⥫  ⮪ ITU-T

V.21
       㯫 ⮪   ࠧ   -
⭮  樥 FSK.    ( 筮 ᯮ
 । 뢠騩 ) "1" । ⮩ 980 ,  "0"
- 1180 .  孥  (। ⢥騩) "1" ।
⮩ 1650 ,  "0" - 1850 . 樮  ଠ樮
᪮ ࠢ - 300 , 300 /. ᬮ  ᮪ ᪮,
 ⮪ 室 ਬ ० ᥣ  ⢥ "਩-
",   ᫥⢨ ᮪ ஢  ᯮ짮-
 㣨 ⮪ 䨧᪮ ஢. ஬ ⮣,  ᢮
⫨  ⮩稢,  ᯮ  ᯥ樠
᮪஢ ਫ, ॡ ᮪  ।.
ਬ,  ⠭ ᮥ     -
樨 V.8,   । ࠢ   䠪ᨬ쭮 -
 (孨 ).

V.22
       㯫 ⮪   ࠧ   -
樥 DPSK.     (। 뢠騩)
- 1200 , 孥 (। ⢥騩) - 2400 . 樮
᪮ - 600 .  ० 寮樮 ( ) 
寮樮 () 䠧ࠧ⭮ 樨  䠧 -
ﭨ  窠, ᮮ⢥⢥,  180  90 ࠤ. ⢥-
⢥, ଠ樮 ᪮   600  1200 /. 
⮪ 䠪᪨ 饭 ⮪ V.22bis.

V.22bis
       㯫 ⮪   ࠧ   -
樥 QAM.     (। 뢠騩) -
1200 , 孥 - 2400 . 樮 ᪮ - 600 . 
० 寮樮 ( )  ⭠⨯樮-
 ( ஡) ୮ 㤭 樨. -
⢥, ଠ樮 ᪮   1200  2400 /.
 1200 /  ᮢ⨬  V.22, ᬮ  㣮 ⨯
樨.   ⮬,      ० 16-QAM (-
) ।  䠧 ࠭ ⭮⥫쭮 ।-
 ᨣ쭮   ⮬    ⢥,  ᫥-
   ।  ᨣ쭮   -
࠭  ਠ樥 .  ࠧ, DPSK  ᬠਢ
  砩 QAM,   ᫥    ᢮ -
祭.  १  ⭠ 権 롨   ࠧ-
 ࠭,      ࠭,  ⮬
᫥    㤮. ⮪ V.22bis  ⠭-
⮬ -䠪   ।᪮ .

V.32
       㯫 ⮪  -  ୮ -
㤭 樥  樥   ஢. -
 饣 ᨣ - 1800 , 樮 ᪮ - 2400 .
 ࠧ, ᯮ ᯥ ਭ  600  3000 . 
० 寮樮 (), 寮樮 ()  ⭠-
⨯樮 (஡) QAM. ⢥⢥, ଠ樮 ᪮-
   2400, 4800  9600 /. ஬ ⮣,  ᪮
9600 /   ୠ⨢  - 32-樮
TCM.

V.32bis
       㯫 ⮪  -  樥 TCM.
ᯮ  ,   V.32,  饣 ᨣ - 1800 ,
 樮 ᪮ - 2400 .  ० 16-TCM, 32-TCM,
64-TCM  128-TCM. ⢥⢥, ଠ樮 ᪮  
7200, 9600, 12000  14400 /.  32-TCM  ᮢ⨬ 
ᮮ⢥騬 ० V.32. ⮪ V.32bis  ⠭⮬
-䠪   ᪮ .


               ᪨  ⮪ ITU-T

V.23
       㯫 ⮪  ⭮ 樥 FSK.  
  ᪮ ०: 600 /  1200 /. 樮
 ଠ樮 ᪮ ࠢ: ᮮ⢥⢥, 600  1200 . 
 ० "1" । ⮩ 1300 .  ० 600 /
"0" । ⮩ 1700 ,   ० 1200 / - ⮩
2100 .  ⮪ 樮쭮   
, ࠡ騩  ᪮ 75 /,  ॢ頥 ⮪ 
ᨬ 㯫.  । "1"  ⭮  -
390 , "0" - 450 .  ⮪ ࠪ᪨ 襫  㯮ॡ-
  ⢥ ⠭⭮ ⮪  裡,   
直 ⠭   ᭠饭. ,  㦨    
⠥   ॠ樨 ⠭ , 稢
ப ࠭  襩 ࠭ (⨯ LEXAND). , -
 , ᮪ ⮩稢  ਫ筮 ( ࠢ
 V.21) ᪮. ஬ ⮣,  拉 ய᪨ ࠭  ⮪
ਬ  ଠ樮 ⥬ Videotex.

V.26, V.26bis, V.26ter
        ⮪ ꥤ ⨯ 樨 - DPSK,  -
饩 - 1800   樮 ᪮ - 1200 .  
 砥    ᯮᮡ ᯥ祭 㯫᭮
裡   ଠ樮 ᪮. V.26 ᯥ稢 㯫 ⮫쪮
 ஢ 뤥 , V.26bis -  㯫
⮪, ।祭  ࠡ  ஢ 㥬
,  V.26ter ᯥ稢  㯫   孮
-. ஬ ⮣,   ⮪   ᨬ-
묨 㯫묨, 樮쭮   , ࠡ騩
 ᪮ 75 /  ᮮ⢥⢨  V.23.   ⮪ -
稢 ᪮ । ଠ樨 2400 / ।⢮ -
寮樮 () DPSK. V.26bis  V.26ter, ஬ ⮣, 
० 寮樮 () DPSK, ᯥ稢 ᪮ 1200 /.

V.33
       ⮬ ⮪ ᯮ    ஢-
 TCM.  ।祭  ᯥ祭 㯫᭮ 裡  -
஢ 뤥 .   饣 ᨣ 1800
,  樮 ᪮ 2400 . ⠥  ० 64-TCM 
128-TCM. ⢥⢥, ଠ樮 ᪮   12000 
14400 /.  ⮪ 祭  V.32bis  --
.  ⮣, ᫨   ⮪ V.33 ⠭  -
஢ 砭  ७樠쭮 ⥬ ,   
ᬮ 易  㤠  V.32bis, ⠭ 
஢ .


              㯮ॡ⥫ 䠪-⮪ ITU-T

V.27ter
       ⮬ ⮪ ਬ 䠧ࠧ⭠   -
⮩ 饣 ᨣ 1800 .  ᯮ짮  ०  ࠧ-
묨 ଠ樮묨 ᪮ﬨ: 2400  4800 /. ଠ樮
᪮ 2400 / ⨣ 樮 ᪮ 1200  
஢  (4-樮 DPSK),  4800 / - ᪮
1600   ஢ ਡ (8-樮 DPSK). ⮨ ⬥-
,    㯮ॡ⥫  ⮪ -
 ᥬ⢠ - V.27  V.27bis,  ⫨  V.27ter,
 ࠧ, ⨯  (뤥 ஢),  -
ண  ।祭.

V.29
       ⮬ ⮪ ਬ ୠ 㤭 -
.  饣 ᨣ - 1700 , 樮 ᪮ -
2400 .  ० 8-樮 (ਡ)  16-樮
(஡) QAM. ⢥⢥, ଠ樮 ᪮  
7200  9600 /.

V.17
       ⮪  ᢮ ࠬࠬ 祭  V.32bis. 
 ᯮ    ஢.  -
饣 ᨣ - 1800 ,  樮 ᪮ - 2400 . 
० 16-TCM, 32-TCM, 64-TCM  128-TCM. ⢥⢥, ଠ-
 ᪮   7200, 9600, 12000  14400 /.


                  ⠭  ⮪

V.32terbo
       ⮪, ࠧࠡ⠭ ମ AT&T,  
 ॠ樨 ࠧࠡ稪 .  ⭮,   
AT&T,  ⮪ ॠ    
U.S.Robotics. ⮪ 䠪᪨  堭᪨ ࠧ⨥
孮 V.32bis: 㯫  -,   -
 ஢, 樮 ᪮ - 2400 ,  - 1800
, ७ ଠ樮 ᪮⥩ 祭ﬨ 16800  19200
/   256-TCM  512-TCM. ⢨ ⠪ 室 
쬠 ⪨ ॡ, ।塞  ⮪  .
, ਬ,  ⮩稢 ࠡ  ᪮ 19200 / ⭮-
 ᨣ/     30 dB.

ZyX
      ⮪ ࠧࠡ⠭ ମ ZyXEL Counications Corporation 
ॠ  ᮡ⢥ .  ⮪ ⠪,  
V.32terbo,  V.32bis 祭ﬨ ଠ樮 ᪮⥩
16800  19200 /  ࠭ 孮 -, -
樨  ५-஢  饩 1800 . 樮  ᪮-
 2400  ࠭   16800 /.  19200
/ ᯥ稢 襭 樮 ᪮  2743 
 ࠭ ० 樨 256-TCM   ᪮⥩. 
襭  ᭨ ॡ  ⭮襭 ᨣ/  
 2.4 dB,  ७  ய᪠  ⨢ ᪠-
뢠   ᪠ 㤭-⭮ ࠪ⨪
.

HST
      ⮪ HST (High Speed Technology) ࠧࠡ⠭ ମ
U.S.Robotics  ॠ    ਨ Courier.  ᨬ-
 㯫 ⮪   ࠧ . -
   ० 300  450 /. ᭮  - 4800,
7200, 9600, 12000, 14400  16800 /. ਬ   -
 ஢  樮 ᪮ 2400 . ࠪ-
 ࠢ⥫쭮 ⮩  ᮪ ⮩稢 ᫥-
⢨ ⢨ 室  -樨  ⢨  -
ﭨ .

PEP, TurboPEP
      㯫 ⮪ ᥬ⢠ PEP (Packetized Ensemble
Protocol) ࠧࠡ⠭ ମ Telebit  ॠ   
਩ TrailBlazer (PEP)  WorldBlazer (TurboPEP).   ⮪
ਭ樯쭮  ࠧ ᯮ   ய᪠ -
 ⮭쭮   ᮪᪮⭮ । .  -
 ࠧ  ⢮ 㧪  , 
   ᨬ । ᢮    饣
⮪ ଠ樨.  த ⮪ 뢠 묨,
 ࠫ묨,  ⮪  ⢮ 
(multicarrier).  ⮪ PEP  ࠧ  511 .
   ਭ  6   樮 ᪮  2
 6    ୮ 㤭 樨  
2  6   .  ᪮쪮 ⥯ ᢮  ᯥ-
 ᨬ쭮 ய᪭ ᯮᮡ  ⭮ ,
饣 ᢮ ࠪ⨪   ᪠  客 -
.   ⠭ ᮥ    -
ᨬ   ।   ᯮ짮, 
⠪ ࠬ: 樮 ᪮   ᫮ 権
樨. ᨬ쭠 ᪮ ।  ⮪ PEP 
⨣ 19200 /.   ᥠ  襭 客 -
⠭ ࠬ   ,   
- ⪫.  ⮬ ६  ᪮  ॢ蠥
100 /. ⮪ TurboPEP   㢥祭 ᫠ , 
⠪ ⢠ 㥬    ࢠ , 
⨣ ᪮ 23000 /. ஬ ⮣,  ⮪ TurboPEP
ਬ   ५-஢,  㢥稢 -
⮩稢 ⮪.
      ᭮묨 २⢠  ⮪  ᫠ -
⢨⥫쭮  ᪠ 㤭-⭮ ࠪ⨪ 
 ⥫쭮  ⢨⥫쭮   堬  ࠢ-
  ࠤ樮묨 ⮪. ᫨ ࢮ  뢠 ᮢ,
     ॡ  ਨ.  
⮬,   ᭠  "" ࠪ᪨  ᥩ ਭ
ᯥ, ..  ᥬ ,   裡  ⥫쭮 襩
⥫쭮 ᨣ  ࠢ  ࠤ樮묨 ⮪ (6
 ⨢ 2400), ᪠ 宩  ᨣ  , 
  拉 砥 ଠ쭮  㫨஢.
       ᫥,  ⮨ ⬥,  ,   拉 ࠭ -
⮪ ⮣ ⨯ 饭  ᯮ짮  㥬 ⥫-
䮭 .  ⮬,   ⮪ -
 ᯥ譮 ࠡ   ,   ⨢묨 -
ࠬ ⠭ ० 䨫 ( ⮣, -, ⮡
 ⮢,  祬- ஢,  ᯮ짮
⥫䮭   ।    ⠭ -
).


                           , ᫥

      ࠪ᪨  ⢨ 㯮  ᫥ ⨦-
   ᢥ᪮⭮ ।   ⥫䮭 
- ஥ V.fast ࠧ , V.FC  Rockwell International ,
,  V.34 ITU-T -    ⮪ -
᪮ ஢   뢠騬. , ᫨ 
⮫쪮 ᫥ ஭ ⥬ V.34, ᭨,     -
। 蠣   㢥祭 ᪮  裡,  ஬
ॢ樮   ६   १  ⮭-
 . ,  ࠧ,  ஢७, -
騩 ⥬ 室  ஡,  騩  १ -
᪨ ᪠箪  㬥⠫ ।⢠,  
ਡ ᨬ쭮   ⥮᪮ । . 
⮬ ⥬  ⮩ ⤥쭮 ...

